78 Indicators Catalog
CivStat tracks 78 individual indicators across 6 dimensions. Each indicator is normalized to a 0–100 scale and aggregated through the 3-layer framework (Raw → Composite → Dimension). Below is the complete catalog with definitions, data sources, historical context, and comparative examples.
Country Comparison Legend
Each indicator includes example values for three representative countries to illustrate the range of outcomes:
Conflict
13 indicators
War Deaths per 100k
Battle-related deaths from interstate and civil wars, normalized per 100,000 population.
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War Deaths per 100k
Battle-related deaths from interstate and civil wars, normalized per 100,000 population.
Definition
Battle-related deaths from interstate and civil wars, normalized per 100,000 population.
Data Source
UCDP/PRIO, Pinker (2011)
Historical Range
Prehistoric ~15,000/100k lifetime → Modern <1/100k/year
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 0.0 (no active conflict)
🇳🇴 Norway: 0.0
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: ~2.5 (post-civil war)
Refugee Index
Forcibly displaced persons as percentage of world population.
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Refugee Index
Forcibly displaced persons as percentage of world population.
Definition
Forcibly displaced persons as percentage of world population.
Data Source
UNHCR, IDMC
Historical Range
WWII peak ~60M displaced → 2024 ~120M (but larger world population)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Low
🇳🇴 Norway: Low
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Medium (post-war displacement)
Political Violence
State-sponsored violence against civilians including extrajudicial killings and political imprisonment.
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Political Violence
State-sponsored violence against civilians including extrajudicial killings and political imprisonment.
Definition
State-sponsored violence against civilians including extrajudicial killings and political imprisonment.
Data Source
Political Terror Scale, V-Dem
Historical Range
Ancient empires: routine → Modern democracies: rare
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Low
🇳🇴 Norway: Very Low
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Low-Medium
Terrorism Index
Frequency, casualties, and societal impact of terrorist attacks.
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Terrorism Index
Frequency, casualties, and societal impact of terrorist attacks.
Definition
Frequency, casualties, and societal impact of terrorist attacks.
Data Source
Global Terrorism Database
Historical Range
Modern phenomenon primarily tracked from 1970 onward
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Very Low
🇳🇴 Norway: Very Low
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Very Low
Homicide Rate
Intentional homicides per 100,000 population.
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Homicide Rate
Intentional homicides per 100,000 population.
Definition
Intentional homicides per 100,000 population.
Data Source
UNODC, WHO
Historical Range
Medieval Europe ~30-40/100k → Modern Europe <1/100k
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 0.6
🇳🇴 Norway: 0.5
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: ~2.0
Military Expenditure
Military spending as percentage of GDP (inverted: lower is better for peace).
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Military Expenditure
Military spending as percentage of GDP (inverted: lower is better for peace).
Definition
Military spending as percentage of GDP (inverted: lower is better for peace).
Data Source
SIPRI
Historical Range
Cold War peak ~6% global → Current ~2.3% global
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 2.8%
🇳🇴 Norway: 1.7%
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 0.7%
Arms Trade Index
Volume of conventional arms imports/exports relative to GDP.
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Arms Trade Index
Volume of conventional arms imports/exports relative to GDP.
Definition
Volume of conventional arms imports/exports relative to GDP.
Data Source
SIPRI Arms Transfers Database
Historical Range
Tracks global arms flows; peaked during Cold War
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Major importer
🇳🇴 Norway: Minor
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Minor
Internal Conflict Intensity
Severity and duration of intrastate armed conflicts.
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Internal Conflict Intensity
Severity and duration of intrastate armed conflicts.
Definition
Severity and duration of intrastate armed conflicts.
Data Source
UCDP, ACLED
Historical Range
Post-Cold War shift from interstate to intrastate conflict
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: None active
🇳🇴 Norway: None
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Post-conflict
Nuclear Risk Index
Composite measure of nuclear weapons proliferation and tension levels.
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Nuclear Risk Index
Composite measure of nuclear weapons proliferation and tension levels.
Definition
Composite measure of nuclear weapons proliferation and tension levels.
Data Source
Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, SIPRI
Historical Range
1962 Cuban Missile Crisis peak → Post-Cold War reduction → Recent re-escalation
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Medium (proximity to DPRK)
🇳🇴 Norway: Low
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: N/A
Peacebuilding Capacity
Investment in post-conflict reconstruction, mediation, and peacekeeping.
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Peacebuilding Capacity
Investment in post-conflict reconstruction, mediation, and peacekeeping.
Definition
Investment in post-conflict reconstruction, mediation, and peacekeeping.
Data Source
UN Peacekeeping, World Bank FCV
Historical Range
Modern concept; UN peacekeeping since 1948
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Contributor
🇳🇴 Norway: Major contributor
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Recipient
Social Cohesion Index
Measure of social trust, inequality perception, and intergroup tensions.
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Social Cohesion Index
Measure of social trust, inequality perception, and intergroup tensions.
Definition
Measure of social trust, inequality perception, and intergroup tensions.
Data Source
World Values Survey, Edelman Trust
Historical Range
Varies cyclically; correlates with inequality (Turchin cycles)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Medium
🇳🇴 Norway: Very High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Low-Medium
Gender-Based Violence
Prevalence of physical and sexual violence against women.
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Gender-Based Violence
Prevalence of physical and sexual violence against women.
Definition
Prevalence of physical and sexual violence against women.
Data Source
WHO, UN Women
Historical Range
Historically normalized → Increasingly measured and addressed since 1990s
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Medium
🇳🇴 Norway: Low
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: High
Institutional Stability
Durability and resilience of governance institutions; coup risk assessment.
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Institutional Stability
Durability and resilience of governance institutions; coup risk assessment.
Definition
Durability and resilience of governance institutions; coup risk assessment.
Data Source
Polity5, V-Dem, WGI
Historical Range
Ancient empires: cyclical collapse → Modern states: generally stable
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: High
🇳🇴 Norway: Very High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Medium
Welfare
13 indicators
Life Expectancy
Average life expectancy at birth — the most comprehensive measure of population health.
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Life Expectancy
Average life expectancy at birth — the most comprehensive measure of population health.
Definition
Average life expectancy at birth — the most comprehensive measure of population health.
Data Source
WHO, UN Population Division, OWID
Historical Range
~25 years (ancient) → ~73 years (2024 global average)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 84 years
🇳🇴 Norway: 84 years
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 55 years
Child Mortality (U5)
Under-5 deaths per 1,000 live births (inverted).
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Child Mortality (U5)
Under-5 deaths per 1,000 live births (inverted).
Definition
Under-5 deaths per 1,000 live births (inverted).
Data Source
UNICEF, UN IGME
Historical Range
~500/1,000 (pre-modern) → 37/1,000 (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 3/1,000
🇳🇴 Norway: 2.3/1,000
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 105/1,000
Maternal Mortality
Maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (inverted).
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Maternal Mortality
Maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (inverted).
Definition
Maternal deaths per 100,000 live births (inverted).
Data Source
WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA
Historical Range
~1,000/100k (pre-modern) → 211/100k (global 2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 8
🇳🇴 Norway: 2
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 717
Nutrition Security
Prevalence of undernourishment (inverted) + caloric availability.
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Nutrition Security
Prevalence of undernourishment (inverted) + caloric availability.
Definition
Prevalence of undernourishment (inverted) + caloric availability.
Data Source
FAO, World Bank
Historical Range
Chronic food insecurity for millennia → Modern food surplus in developed nations
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: High
🇳🇴 Norway: Very High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Low
Clean Water Access
Population with safely managed drinking water services.
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Clean Water Access
Population with safely managed drinking water services.
Definition
Population with safely managed drinking water services.
Data Source
WHO/UNICEF JMP
Historical Range
Roman aqueducts → Modern water treatment → 74% global access (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 99%
🇳🇴 Norway: 100%
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 61%
Sanitation Access
Population with safely managed sanitation services.
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Sanitation Access
Population with safely managed sanitation services.
Definition
Population with safely managed sanitation services.
Data Source
WHO/UNICEF JMP
Historical Range
Roman sewers → Victorian public health revolution → 54% global (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 99%
🇳🇴 Norway: 100%
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 16%
GDP per Capita (PPP)
Gross domestic product per person in purchasing power parity (log-normalized).
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GDP per Capita (PPP)
Gross domestic product per person in purchasing power parity (log-normalized).
Definition
Gross domestic product per person in purchasing power parity (log-normalized).
Data Source
World Bank, Maddison Project
Historical Range
$450 (1 CE) → $1,100 (1820) → $18,000+ (2024 global average)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: $53,000
🇳🇴 Norway: $82,000
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: $1,900
Income Inequality (Gini)
Gini coefficient inverted — lower inequality scores higher.
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Income Inequality (Gini)
Gini coefficient inverted — lower inequality scores higher.
Definition
Gini coefficient inverted — lower inequality scores higher.
Data Source
World Bank, WID.world
Historical Range
Ancient high inequality → Modern ranges from 0.24 (Nordic) to 0.63 (South Africa)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 0.31
🇳🇴 Norway: 0.27
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 0.35
Extreme Poverty Rate
Population below $2.15/day (2017 PPP), inverted.
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Extreme Poverty Rate
Population below $2.15/day (2017 PPP), inverted.
Definition
Population below $2.15/day (2017 PPP), inverted.
Data Source
World Bank PovcalNet, OWID
Historical Range
~90% (1820) → ~9% (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: <1%
🇳🇴 Norway: <1%
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 43%
Housing Quality Index
Composite of overcrowding, structural quality, and access to electricity.
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Housing Quality Index
Composite of overcrowding, structural quality, and access to electricity.
Definition
Composite of overcrowding, structural quality, and access to electricity.
Data Source
UN-Habitat, DHS Surveys
Historical Range
Pre-modern: rudimentary shelter → Modern: varies widely by nation
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: High
🇳🇴 Norway: Very High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Low
Healthcare Access
Universal Health Coverage Service Coverage Index (0–100).
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Healthcare Access
Universal Health Coverage Service Coverage Index (0–100).
Definition
Universal Health Coverage Service Coverage Index (0–100).
Data Source
WHO UHC Index
Historical Range
Traditional medicine → Modern healthcare systems from 19th century
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 86
🇳🇴 Norway: 85
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 40
Mental Health Index
Composite of depression prevalence (inverted), suicide rate (inverted), and mental health service availability.
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Mental Health Index
Composite of depression prevalence (inverted), suicide rate (inverted), and mental health service availability.
Definition
Composite of depression prevalence (inverted), suicide rate (inverted), and mental health service availability.
Data Source
WHO, IHME GBD
Historical Range
Modern measurement; growing recognition of mental health as welfare component
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Medium
🇳🇴 Norway: High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Low
Social Safety Net Coverage
Percentage of population covered by at least one social protection program.
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Social Safety Net Coverage
Percentage of population covered by at least one social protection program.
Definition
Percentage of population covered by at least one social protection program.
Data Source
World Bank ASPIRE, ILO
Historical Range
Bismarck social insurance (1883) → Modern welfare states → 47% global (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: High
🇳🇴 Norway: Very High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Low
Knowledge
13 indicators
Scientific Publications
Annual peer-reviewed papers worldwide (log-normalized).
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Scientific Publications
Annual peer-reviewed papers worldwide (log-normalized).
Definition
Annual peer-reviewed papers worldwide (log-normalized).
Data Source
Scopus, Web of Science, UNESCO
Historical Range
~0 (pre-printing press) → 3M+ papers/year (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Top 12 globally
🇳🇴 Norway: Top 30
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Minimal
Literacy Rate
Percentage of adults (15+) who can read and write.
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Literacy Rate
Percentage of adults (15+) who can read and write.
Definition
Percentage of adults (15+) who can read and write.
Data Source
UNESCO, OWID
Historical Range
~1% (ancient) → ~12% (1800) → ~87% (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 99.2%
🇳🇴 Norway: 99%+
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 43%
School Enrollment
Gross enrollment ratio (primary + secondary + tertiary weighted composite).
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School Enrollment
Gross enrollment ratio (primary + secondary + tertiary weighted composite).
Definition
Gross enrollment ratio (primary + secondary + tertiary weighted composite).
Data Source
UNESCO, World Bank EdStats
Historical Range
Elite-only education → Mass schooling from 19th century
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 98%+
🇳🇴 Norway: 99%+
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: ~65%
Tertiary Education
Gross tertiary enrollment ratio.
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Tertiary Education
Gross tertiary enrollment ratio.
Definition
Gross tertiary enrollment ratio.
Data Source
UNESCO
Historical Range
Medieval universities (<1%) → Mass higher education from 1960s → ~40% global
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 70%+
🇳🇴 Norway: 80%+
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: ~3%
R&D Expenditure
Research and development spending as percentage of GDP.
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R&D Expenditure
Research and development spending as percentage of GDP.
Definition
Research and development spending as percentage of GDP.
Data Source
UNESCO, OECD, World Bank
Historical Range
Concept formalized post-WWII → Global average ~1.7% (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 4.8% (highest)
🇳🇴 Norway: 2.3%
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: ~0.1%
Patent Filings
Annual patent applications (log-normalized).
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Patent Filings
Annual patent applications (log-normalized).
Definition
Annual patent applications (log-normalized).
Data Source
WIPO, USPTO, EPO
Historical Range
First patent law 1474 Venice → 3.5M+ applications/year (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Top 4 globally
🇳🇴 Norway: Moderate
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Minimal
Internet Penetration
Percentage of population using the internet.
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Internet Penetration
Percentage of population using the internet.
Definition
Percentage of population using the internet.
Data Source
ITU, World Bank
Historical Range
1991: <1% → 2024: ~67% global
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 98%
🇳🇴 Norway: 99%
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: ~12%
AI Adoption Index
AI readiness, investment, and deployment (applicable from ~2010).
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AI Adoption Index
AI readiness, investment, and deployment (applicable from ~2010).
Definition
AI readiness, investment, and deployment (applicable from ~2010).
Data Source
Stanford AI Index, OECD
Historical Range
Emerging indicator; rapid growth since 2020
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: High
🇳🇴 Norway: High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Very Low
Books Published per Capita
New book titles published per million population.
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Books Published per Capita
New book titles published per million population.
Definition
New book titles published per million population.
Data Source
UNESCO, national libraries
Historical Range
Gutenberg (1440) → 2.2M+ titles/year globally
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: High
🇳🇴 Norway: Very High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Very Low
University Density
Universities per million population, quality-weighted.
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University Density
Universities per million population, quality-weighted.
Definition
Universities per million population, quality-weighted.
Data Source
QS, THE, CWUR Rankings
Historical Range
Bologna (1088) → 30,000+ universities worldwide
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: High
🇳🇴 Norway: High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Low
STEM Graduates
STEM graduates as percentage of all tertiary graduates.
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STEM Graduates
STEM graduates as percentage of all tertiary graduates.
Definition
STEM graduates as percentage of all tertiary graduates.
Data Source
UNESCO, OECD
Historical Range
Modern measurement; reflects innovation capacity
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 32%
🇳🇴 Norway: 28%
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: ~5%
Knowledge Diffusion Speed
Average time for new technology adoption across 50% of population.
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Knowledge Diffusion Speed
Average time for new technology adoption across 50% of population.
Definition
Average time for new technology adoption across 50% of population.
Data Source
Cross-country adoption curves, OWID
Historical Range
Telephone: 75 years → Smartphone: 10 years → ChatGPT: 2 months
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Very Fast
🇳🇴 Norway: Fast
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Slow
Cultural Heritage Preservation
UNESCO World Heritage Sites + investment in cultural preservation as % of GDP.
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Cultural Heritage Preservation
UNESCO World Heritage Sites + investment in cultural preservation as % of GDP.
Definition
UNESCO World Heritage Sites + investment in cultural preservation as % of GDP.
Data Source
UNESCO, national culture budgets
Historical Range
UNESCO Convention 1972 → 1,199 sites (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 16 sites
🇳🇴 Norway: 8 sites
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 0 sites
Freedom
13 indicators
Democracy Index
Comprehensive democracy quality combining electoral process, civil liberties, political participation.
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Democracy Index
Comprehensive democracy quality combining electoral process, civil liberties, political participation.
Definition
Comprehensive democracy quality combining electoral process, civil liberties, political participation.
Data Source
V-Dem, Polity5, EIU
Historical Range
0 democracies (pre-1800) → ~55% of countries (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 8.0 (Full democracy)
🇳🇴 Norway: 9.8
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 4.3
Press Freedom
Media independence, pluralism, transparency, and journalist safety.
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Press Freedom
Media independence, pluralism, transparency, and journalist safety.
Definition
Media independence, pluralism, transparency, and journalist safety.
Data Source
RSF, Freedom House
Historical Range
Censorship as default → Press freedom from 18th century Enlightenment
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 42nd globally
🇳🇴 Norway: 1st globally
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 75th
Civil Liberties
Individual rights: expression, assembly, religion, association.
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Civil Liberties
Individual rights: expression, assembly, religion, association.
Definition
Individual rights: expression, assembly, religion, association.
Data Source
Freedom House, V-Dem
Historical Range
Magna Carta (1215) → Universal Declaration (1948) → Ongoing expansion
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: High
🇳🇴 Norway: Very High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Medium
Voting Rights
Breadth and quality of suffrage; electoral integrity.
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Voting Rights
Breadth and quality of suffrage; electoral integrity.
Definition
Breadth and quality of suffrage; electoral integrity.
Data Source
V-Dem, IDEA
Historical Range
Athens (~10% could vote) → Universal suffrage (20th century)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Universal since 1948
🇳🇴 Norway: Universal since 1913
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Universal since 1961
Rule of Law
Quality of contract enforcement, property rights, police, courts, and likelihood of crime/violence.
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Rule of Law
Quality of contract enforcement, property rights, police, courts, and likelihood of crime/violence.
Definition
Quality of contract enforcement, property rights, police, courts, and likelihood of crime/violence.
Data Source
World Justice Project, WGI
Historical Range
Code of Hammurabi (1754 BCE) → Modern legal systems
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: High
🇳🇴 Norway: Very High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Low
Gender Equality
Gender parity in political, economic, and social outcomes.
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Gender Equality
Gender parity in political, economic, and social outcomes.
Definition
Gender parity in political, economic, and social outcomes.
Data Source
WEF Gender Gap Report, UNDP GII
Historical Range
Patriarchal default → Suffragettes → Legal equality (ongoing)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 0.73 (108th)
🇳🇴 Norway: 0.88 (3rd)
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 0.66 (121st)
Judicial Independence
De facto independence of the judiciary from political interference.
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Judicial Independence
De facto independence of the judiciary from political interference.
Definition
De facto independence of the judiciary from political interference.
Data Source
V-Dem, WJP
Historical Range
Royal courts → Independent judiciary concept from 18th century
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: High
🇳🇴 Norway: Very High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Low-Medium
Religious Freedom
Government restrictions on religion and social hostilities involving religion (inverted).
▸▾
Religious Freedom
Government restrictions on religion and social hostilities involving religion (inverted).
Definition
Government restrictions on religion and social hostilities involving religion (inverted).
Data Source
Pew Research Center, V-Dem
Historical Range
State religion as default → Religious pluralism as modern norm
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: High
🇳🇴 Norway: Very High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: High
Digital Rights
Internet freedom, data privacy protections, and freedom from digital surveillance.
▸▾
Digital Rights
Internet freedom, data privacy protections, and freedom from digital surveillance.
Definition
Internet freedom, data privacy protections, and freedom from digital surveillance.
Data Source
Freedom House Freedom on the Net
Historical Range
New category; internet freedom tracked since 2011
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Partly Free
🇳🇴 Norway: Free
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Not Assessed
LGBTQ+ Rights
Legal protections for sexual orientation and gender identity.
▸▾
LGBTQ+ Rights
Legal protections for sexual orientation and gender identity.
Definition
Legal protections for sexual orientation and gender identity.
Data Source
ILGA World, Equaldex
Historical Range
Criminalization as default → Decriminalization wave from 1960s → Marriage equality wave from 2001
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Limited
🇳🇴 Norway: Full rights
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Criminalized
Anti-Corruption Score
Perceived levels of public sector corruption (inverted: higher = less corrupt).
▸▾
Anti-Corruption Score
Perceived levels of public sector corruption (inverted: higher = less corrupt).
Definition
Perceived levels of public sector corruption (inverted: higher = less corrupt).
Data Source
Transparency International CPI
Historical Range
Corruption as norm → Anti-corruption movements from 20th century
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 63/100
🇳🇴 Norway: 84/100
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 34/100
Academic Freedom
Freedom to research, teach, and publish without political interference.
▸▾
Academic Freedom
Freedom to research, teach, and publish without political interference.
Definition
Freedom to research, teach, and publish without political interference.
Data Source
V-Dem Academic Freedom Index
Historical Range
Medieval universities had limited autonomy → Modern academic freedom norms
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: High
🇳🇴 Norway: Very High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Medium
Labor Rights
Freedom of association, collective bargaining, and protection from forced/child labor.
▸▾
Labor Rights
Freedom of association, collective bargaining, and protection from forced/child labor.
Definition
Freedom of association, collective bargaining, and protection from forced/child labor.
Data Source
ILO, ITUC Global Rights Index
Historical Range
Slavery/serfdom → Labor movements → ILO conventions from 1919
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Medium-High
🇳🇴 Norway: Very High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Low
Sustainability
13 indicators
CO₂ Concentration
Atmospheric CO₂ in ppm (inverted: lower = better).
▸▾
CO₂ Concentration
Atmospheric CO₂ in ppm (inverted: lower = better).
Definition
Atmospheric CO₂ in ppm (inverted: lower = better).
Data Source
NOAA Mauna Loa, ice cores
Historical Range
280 ppm (10,000 years stable) → 425 ppm (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Same (global)
🇳🇴 Norway: Same
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Same
Temperature Anomaly
Global mean surface temperature deviation from pre-industrial baseline (inverted).
▸▾
Temperature Anomaly
Global mean surface temperature deviation from pre-industrial baseline (inverted).
Definition
Global mean surface temperature deviation from pre-industrial baseline (inverted).
Data Source
NASA GISS, HadCRUT
Historical Range
0°C (pre-industrial) → +1.5°C (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Same (global)
🇳🇴 Norway: Same
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Same
Forest Coverage
Forest area as percentage of total land area.
▸▾
Forest Coverage
Forest area as percentage of total land area.
Definition
Forest area as percentage of total land area.
Data Source
FAO, Hansen/UMD GFC
Historical Range
~6B hectares (pre-agricultural) → ~4B hectares (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 64%
🇳🇴 Norway: 33%
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 38%
Renewable Energy Share
Renewables as percentage of primary energy consumption.
▸▾
Renewable Energy Share
Renewables as percentage of primary energy consumption.
Definition
Renewables as percentage of primary energy consumption.
Data Source
IEA, IRENA, BP
Historical Range
Pre-industrial: 100% (biomass) → Fossil dominance → 15% modern renewables (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: ~8%
🇳🇴 Norway: ~72%
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: ~75% (biomass)
CO₂ Emissions per Capita
Annual CO₂ emissions per person in tonnes (inverted).
▸▾
CO₂ Emissions per Capita
Annual CO₂ emissions per person in tonnes (inverted).
Definition
Annual CO₂ emissions per person in tonnes (inverted).
Data Source
GCP, OWID
Historical Range
~0 (pre-industrial) → 4.7 tonnes global average (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 11.6t
🇳🇴 Norway: 7.5t
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 0.1t
Biodiversity Index
Living Planet Index tracking vertebrate population trends (inverted decline = lower score).
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Biodiversity Index
Living Planet Index tracking vertebrate population trends (inverted decline = lower score).
Definition
Living Planet Index tracking vertebrate population trends (inverted decline = lower score).
Data Source
WWF/ZSL Living Planet Index, IUCN
Historical Range
69% decline in monitored vertebrate populations since 1970
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Medium
🇳🇴 Norway: Medium-High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Medium
Ocean Acidification
Sea surface pH change from pre-industrial baseline (inverted).
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Ocean Acidification
Sea surface pH change from pre-industrial baseline (inverted).
Definition
Sea surface pH change from pre-industrial baseline (inverted).
Data Source
NOAA, IPCC
Historical Range
pH 8.2 (pre-industrial) → 8.1 (2024; 30% more acidic)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Same (global)
🇳🇴 Norway: Same
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Same
Water Stress Index
Freshwater withdrawals as proportion of available supply (inverted).
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Water Stress Index
Freshwater withdrawals as proportion of available supply (inverted).
Definition
Freshwater withdrawals as proportion of available supply (inverted).
Data Source
WRI Aqueduct, FAO AQUASTAT
Historical Range
Low stress (pre-modern) → 17 countries face extreme water stress (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Medium-High
🇳🇴 Norway: Low
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Low
Waste & Recycling
Municipal solid waste recycling rate + proper waste management coverage.
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Waste & Recycling
Municipal solid waste recycling rate + proper waste management coverage.
Definition
Municipal solid waste recycling rate + proper waste management coverage.
Data Source
World Bank What A Waste, UNEP
Historical Range
Modern concern; recycling rates vary from <5% to >60% by country
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 59%
🇳🇴 Norway: 42%
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: ~0%
Air Quality (PM2.5)
Population-weighted mean PM2.5 exposure (inverted: cleaner = higher score).
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Air Quality (PM2.5)
Population-weighted mean PM2.5 exposure (inverted: cleaner = higher score).
Definition
Population-weighted mean PM2.5 exposure (inverted: cleaner = higher score).
Data Source
WHO, IHME GBD, IQAir
Historical Range
Pre-industrial: clean → Industrial Revolution: severe pollution → Improving in developed nations
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 24 µg/m³
🇳🇴 Norway: 7 µg/m³
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 22 µg/m³
Land Use Change
Rate of natural habitat conversion to human use (inverted: slower = better).
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Land Use Change
Rate of natural habitat conversion to human use (inverted: slower = better).
Definition
Rate of natural habitat conversion to human use (inverted: slower = better).
Data Source
FAO, OWID, Copernicus
Historical Range
Agriculture invented ~10,000 BCE → Accelerating conversion → Some reversal in developed nations
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Stable
🇳🇴 Norway: Slight recovery
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Ongoing loss
Nitrogen Cycle Disruption
Reactive nitrogen entering environment relative to safe planetary boundary (inverted).
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Nitrogen Cycle Disruption
Reactive nitrogen entering environment relative to safe planetary boundary (inverted).
Definition
Reactive nitrogen entering environment relative to safe planetary boundary (inverted).
Data Source
Steffen et al. (2015), UNEP
Historical Range
Haber-Bosch process (1913) transformed nitrogen cycle; boundary exceeded by ~3.5x
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: High disruption
🇳🇴 Norway: Moderate
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Low
Ecological Footprint Ratio
Ecological footprint relative to biocapacity. Score of 100 = living within biocapacity.
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Ecological Footprint Ratio
Ecological footprint relative to biocapacity. Score of 100 = living within biocapacity.
Definition
Ecological footprint relative to biocapacity. Score of 100 = living within biocapacity.
Data Source
Global Footprint Network
Historical Range
Humanity exceeded Earth's biocapacity in ~1970; now uses ~1.7 Earths
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 8.6 gha/person
🇳🇴 Norway: 5.7 gha
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 0.8 gha
Cooperation
13 indicators
Trade Openness
Total trade (exports + imports) as percentage of global GDP.
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Trade Openness
Total trade (exports + imports) as percentage of global GDP.
Definition
Total trade (exports + imports) as percentage of global GDP.
Data Source
World Bank, WTO, Maddison
Historical Range
~2% (1800) → ~60% (peak 2008) → ~55% (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 70%
🇳🇴 Norway: 65%
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 45%
ODA Percentage
Official Development Assistance as percentage of donor GNI.
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ODA Percentage
Official Development Assistance as percentage of donor GNI.
Definition
Official Development Assistance as percentage of donor GNI.
Data Source
OECD DAC
Historical Range
Modern concept; UN target 0.7% established 1970
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 0.17%
🇳🇴 Norway: 0.93%
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: N/A (recipient)
Treaty Participation
Weighted count of international treaties and conventions in force.
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Treaty Participation
Weighted count of international treaties and conventions in force.
Definition
Weighted count of international treaties and conventions in force.
Data Source
UN Treaty Collection, COW
Historical Range
Westphalia (1648) → 560+ multilateral treaties (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: High
🇳🇴 Norway: Very High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Medium
Diplomatic Relations
Bilateral diplomatic relationships as proportion of possible pairs.
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Diplomatic Relations
Bilateral diplomatic relationships as proportion of possible pairs.
Definition
Bilateral diplomatic relationships as proportion of possible pairs.
Data Source
COW, Lowy Institute
Historical Range
Modern diplomatic system from Congress of Vienna (1815)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 190+ relations
🇳🇴 Norway: 170+
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 130+
IGO Membership
Number of intergovernmental organization memberships.
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IGO Membership
Number of intergovernmental organization memberships.
Definition
Number of intergovernmental organization memberships.
Data Source
COW IGO Dataset, UIA
Historical Range
First IGOs in 19th century → 7,500+ IGOs today
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 80+
🇳🇴 Norway: 90+
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: 50+
Peacekeeping Contribution
Personnel and financial contributions to UN peacekeeping operations.
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Peacekeeping Contribution
Personnel and financial contributions to UN peacekeeping operations.
Definition
Personnel and financial contributions to UN peacekeeping operations.
Data Source
UN DPKO
Historical Range
First UN peacekeeping 1948 → 87,000+ personnel (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Medium contributor
🇳🇴 Norway: High contributor
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Contributor
Internet Connectivity (Cross-border)
International internet bandwidth and cross-border data flows per capita.
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Internet Connectivity (Cross-border)
International internet bandwidth and cross-border data flows per capita.
Definition
International internet bandwidth and cross-border data flows per capita.
Data Source
ITU, TeleGeography
Historical Range
First transatlantic cable 1866 → Modern fiber optic networks
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Very High
🇳🇴 Norway: Very High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Low
Refugee Acceptance Rate
Refugees hosted per capita and asylum acceptance rate.
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Refugee Acceptance Rate
Refugees hosted per capita and asylum acceptance rate.
Definition
Refugees hosted per capita and asylum acceptance rate.
Data Source
UNHCR
Historical Range
Modern refugee regime from 1951 Convention
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Low
🇳🇴 Norway: Medium-High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Low
Climate Agreement Compliance
Adherence to Paris Agreement NDC targets and climate finance contributions.
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Climate Agreement Compliance
Adherence to Paris Agreement NDC targets and climate finance contributions.
Definition
Adherence to Paris Agreement NDC targets and climate finance contributions.
Data Source
UNFCCC, Climate Action Tracker
Historical Range
Kyoto Protocol (1997) → Paris Agreement (2015)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Insufficient
🇳🇴 Norway: Sufficient
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: N/A
Trade Diversity (HHI)
Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (inverted) measuring diversity of trade partners.
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Trade Diversity (HHI)
Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (inverted) measuring diversity of trade partners.
Definition
Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (inverted) measuring diversity of trade partners.
Data Source
UN Comtrade, WTO
Historical Range
Colonial trade concentration → Diversification post-1945
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Diverse
🇳🇴 Norway: Diverse
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Concentrated
Cultural Exchange Index
International student mobility, cultural events, and people-to-people exchanges.
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Cultural Exchange Index
International student mobility, cultural events, and people-to-people exchanges.
Definition
International student mobility, cultural events, and people-to-people exchanges.
Data Source
UNESCO, UNWTO
Historical Range
Grand Tour (18th century) → Mass tourism → 1.5B international arrivals (2024)
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: High
🇳🇴 Norway: High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Low
Multilateral Voting Alignment
Frequency of alignment with multilateral consensus in UN General Assembly votes.
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Multilateral Voting Alignment
Frequency of alignment with multilateral consensus in UN General Assembly votes.
Definition
Frequency of alignment with multilateral consensus in UN General Assembly votes.
Data Source
UN General Assembly voting records
Historical Range
UNGA voting records from 1946
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: Medium-High
🇳🇴 Norway: High
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: Medium
Scientific Collaboration
Percentage of scientific papers with international co-authors.
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Scientific Collaboration
Percentage of scientific papers with international co-authors.
Definition
Percentage of scientific papers with international co-authors.
Data Source
Scopus, NSF
Historical Range
~5% (1980) → ~25% (2024); reflects globalization of research
Country Examples
🇰🇷 Korea: 30%+
🇳🇴 Norway: 60%+
🇸🇱 Sierra Leone: ~20%